Fortran 90 programming assignment help

Introduction

The first fortran (which stands for formula translation) compiler was developed in 1957 at ibm. In 1966 the american standards association (later the america national standards institute, ansi) released the first standard version of fortran, which later became known as fortran 66. The standard aimed at providing a standardised, portable language, which could easily be transferred from one computer system to the other. In 1977, a revised version of fortran, fortran 77, was completed (the standard was published in 1978). The next version is fortran 90, which is a major advance over fortran 77. It contains many new features; however, it also contains all of fortran 77. Thus, a standard-conforming fortran 77 program is also a standard-conforming fortran 90 program. Some of fortran 77’s features were identified as “obsolescent”, but they were not deleted. Obsolescent features are candidates for deletion in the next standard, and should thus be avoided. The latest standard is fortran 95. Fortran 95 contains only minor changes to fortran 90; however, a few of the obsolescent features identified in fortran 90 were deleted.

The much delayed successor to fortran 77, informally known as fortran 90 (and prior to that, fortran 8x), was finally released as iso/iec standard 1539:1991 in 1991 and an ansi standard in 1992. In addition to changing the official spelling from fortran to fortran, this major revision added many new features to reflect the significant changes in programming practice that had evolved since the 1978 standard:

• Free-form source input, also with lowercase fortran keywords
• Identifiers up to 31 characters in length (in the previous standard, it was only 6 characters).
• Inline comments
• Ability to operate on arrays (or array sections) as a whole, thus greatly simplifying math and engineering computations.

One of the oldest programming languages, the fortran was developed by a team of programmers at ibm led by john backus, and was first published in 1957. The name fortran is an acronym for formula translation, because it was designed to allow easy translation of math formulas into code. Often referred to as a scientific language, fortran was the first high-level language, using the first compiler ever developed. Prior to the development of fortran computer programmers were required to program in machine/assembly code, which was an extremely difficult and time consuming task, not to mention the dreadful chore of debugging the code. The objective during it's design was to create a programming language that would be: simple to learn, suitable for a wide variety of applications, machine independent, and would allow complex mathematical expressions to be stated similarly to regular algebraic notation. While still being almost as efficient in execution as assembly language. Since fortran was so much easier to code, programmers were able to write programs 500% faster than before, while execution efficiency was only reduced by 20%, this allowed them to focus more on the problem solving aspects of a problem, and less on coding.

Fortran was so innovative not only because it was the first high-level language, but also because of it's compiler, which is credited as giving rise to the branch of computer science now known as compiler theory. Several years after it's release fortran had developed many different dialects, (due to special tweaking by programmers trying to make it better suit their personal needs) making it very difficult to transfer programs from one machine to another.

Despite this standardization, a few years later, various new dialects began to surface again, requiring the standards association review the language again. This version is known as fortran '77. This version was released in 1978 (it was called '77 because the association began it's review in 1977), with several new features. Some of the more notable properties were; new error handling methods, and mechanisms for managing large-scale programs. The latest version; fortran '90 (released in 1990, using the new capitalization scheme) added even more new features, such as support for: recursion, pointers, and for programmer-defined data types. {fortran 90's future - current research in complier theory involves equipping compilers to generate object code, that is able to exploit the capabilities of massively parallel computers. Thr fortran 90 compilers are key targets of such research}

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Fortran for a number of reasons. It’s a good language for beginners as it is easy to learn and widely available. It is particularly useful for scientists and engineers as there are inbuilt functions for handling mathematical constructs such as matrices. The precision of calculation can be selected according to the need of the calculation. There are libraries of numerical algorithms available that shortcut coding. As this is a beginner's guide i have focussed on the core language. The examples will compile perfectly well with fortran 90 or 95.

In object-oriented languages such as fortran 90, one can define classes that contain both data and methods which operate on that data. One can then create separate instances of the class, each with its own data. A method called from an instance of the class will work on the data held by that particular instance. In fortran, modules may contain data, but there is no notion of separate instances of a module. In order to obtain class-like behavior, one can combine a module, which contains the methods that operate on the class, with a derived type containing the data. There can be separate “instances” of the type in that we can allocate many variables of that type which can be passed as parameters to the methods contained in the module.

The fortran programming language was conceived in the early 1950s the name produced from the two words formula translation. In 1966 the language was standardized and fortran iv was born. Revision of the language led to fortran 77, the language we use today. The standard for fortran 90 is now available although not yet in widespread use. F77 is a subset of f90. Fortran was designed for scientists and engineers, and has dominated this field. For the past 30 years fortran has been used for such projects as the design of bridges and aeroplane structures, it is used for factory automation control, for storm drainage design, analysis of scientific data and so on. Throughout the life of this language, groups of users have written libraries of useful standard fortran programs.

These programs can be borrowed and used by other people who wish to take advantage of the expertise and experience of the authors, in a similar way in which a book is borrowed from a library.  A program is a set of instructions to the computer to perform a series of operations. Those operations will often be mathematical calculations, decisions based on equalities and inequalities, or special instructions to say write output to the screen. The program consists of “source code” which is “stored” in a text file. This code contains the instructions in a highly structured form. Each computer language has a different set of rules (or syntax) for specifying these operations. Here we will only consider the fortran 90/95 (f95 for short) programming language and syntax.

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